In the recent case of Hosking v Extend N Build Pty Limited, the New South Wales Court of Appeal was required to consider whether payments made by a third party to an insolvent company’s creditor could be recovered by the liquidators as unfair preferences.
In 2012, Built NSW Pty Ltd subcontracted work to Evolvebuilt, with the arrangements subsequently formalised in a building contract. Evolvebuilt then engaged secondary subcontractors to undertake the work, however the subcontractors ceased work on 12 March 2013 after Evolvebuilt failed to pay.
On the same day, the Construction, Forestry, Mining and Engineering Union (CFMEU) wrote to Built instructing them to make the outstanding payments. Built also received a letter from Evolvebuilt, who requested that they pay the secondary subcontractors pursuant to cl 28.2 of the sub-contract.
Following this, Built made initial payments and after assessing the outstanding amounts, made further payments on 28 March. Despite this, Kennico, one of the secondary sub-contractors did not receive any such payments, and so Evolvebuilt made payments to Kennico of its own accord.
After Evolvebuilt entered liquidation in 2015, the company’s liquidators initiated proceedings, alleging the payments made by Evolvebuilt to Kennico and by Built to the other secondary sub-contractors on 28 March were voidable. In doing so, the liquidators argued that the payments were unfair preferences pursuant to s 588FA of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), entered into at a time when Evolvebuilt was insolvent.
At first instance Bereton J found that although the Kennico payments were unfair preferences, the Built payments were not. However, he found that Kennico was entitled to rely on the good faith defence in s588FG(2), as a reasonable person in their position would not have had an actual fear that Evolvebuilt was insolvent.
Despite this, the case was later heard on appeal where the liquidators contended that the primary judge erred in concluding that the payments made by Built were made in accordance with CFMEU’s request and not in accordance with Evolve’s request. Moreover, they argued that the primary judge was incorrect in finding that the payments were not made from an asset that benefitted Evolve, and that the request from Evolve to pay its secondary subcontractors was part of a ‘chain of causation’ that caused the payments to be made.
On appeal, the court was required to consider:
- If the payments made by Built were ‘unfair preferences’; and
- Whether Kennico was entitled to rely on the defence.
The court rejected the liquidator’s contentions and so the appeal was unanimously dismissed. In doing so, the court held that as s588FA(1)(a) requires that a debtor company and creditor are ‘parties to the transaction’, it was necessary to identify the ‘transaction’ and determine whether Evolvebuilt was a party to it. Despite this, they did not rely upon a ‘chain of causation’ connecting the debtor company to the payments. It was ultimately held that payments to the five sub-contractors were not unfair preferences.
As to the applicability of the good faith defence, the court held that it was not available to Kennico as a reasonable person in their position would have had ‘a positive apprehension or fear’ that Evolvebuilt was be unable to pay its debts. In doing so, the court relied on evidence which indicated that Kennico had notice that Evolvebuilt was ‘unable to pay everyone’.
